Lesley Wroughton & Patricia Zengerle, ‘U.S. U.S.-CHINA RELATIONS The United States seeks a constructive, results-oriented relationship with China. Instead of “working toward” he now wants to “lead” the reform of global governance. China’s new foreign policy concept—“a community with a shared future for mankind”— was enshrined in the Party constitution. In 2018, China’s foreign relations were dominated by the centralization of its foreign policy-making, designed to strengthen the hold of the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese president himself on the decision-making system. Such interpretation was corroborated by Xi Jinping’s 2017 New Year speech, broadcast simultaneously on CCTV and CGTN (the main overseas Chinese broadcaster), with English subtitles, when he declared that «as a great responsible country, China has something to say», and pledged without hesitation that his country «will be the keeper of the international order». Further, compliance costs for container shipments will be reduced by at least US$100 by the end of 2018. [69] At the same time Washington announced the sale of US$ 330 million worth of military equipment to Taiwan. [55] Reportedly there was intense debate in Beidaihe during the so-called «summer summit»,[56] about Xi visiting Pyongyang for the celebrations. 24. Interestingly, at 2018’s summit, China mentioned neither the market-economy topic nor the issue of the arms embargo.[102]. 113. [4], In order to sustain this new more visible and strong profile in foreign relations, the Chinese leadership undertook a process of centralizing foreign policy-making, giving Xi Jinping and the CCP greater control to «provide strong support for opening new horizons in China’s diplomacy» ( 为开创对外工作新局面提供坚强保障). 118. In 2018, as China’s Belt and Road Initiative turned five years old, it continued to develop and become more widespread and to growing criticism. For his part, the Chinese president stated that the two neighbours had to move in a «new historic direction» by working together at a time of growing global «instability and uncertainty». Most probably the Chinese leadership had reached its decision to issue the invitation at the beginning of March after the surprise announcement that the US president would meet Kim Jong Un to discuss Pyongyang denuclearization; Beijing risked possible marginalization in what were likely to be historical talks. ... China’s foreign economic policies have At the same time China was able to play a central role in the Korean peninsula peace process which, ostensibly at least, took great leaps in the year under review. 112. For more information on China’s new imagined international system see Bradley A. Thayer & John M. Friend, ‘The World According to China’, The Diplomat, 3 October 2018. This tendency began with the process of sinization of Marxism (马克思主义中国化) by Mao Zedong, and continued with the affirmation of the «socialism with Chinese characteristics» (中国特色社会主义) with Deng Xiaoping. [11] Xi Jinping was revealed as its head, Premier Li Keqiang its deputy head, while Vice President Wang Qishan (CCP’s former anti-corruption chief), Wang Huning, and Vice Premier Han Zheng were included in its membership. for Us, China International Development Cooperation Agency. He coined new concepts such as the “community of a shared destiny for humankind,” and his administration even managed to insert this language into several UN documents. Despite the banality and rhetoric of the title – «A Shared Dream, A Shared Future» (同心筑梦命运与共) – the video was a compilation of the many activities that China pursues in Africa on different levels, and in many ways is emblematic of China’s definitive success on the continent. This was reflected in changes to the foreign policy leadership team at the CCP’s National Congress in November 2017 and the National People’s Congress session in March 2018. This article argues that the key question is whether China is about to change its approach to foreign policy, one which has enabled its “peaceful rise” in recent decades. [99] That statement became part of Washington’s constant criticism of NATO’s European allies for not spending enough on defense. For the list of China’s FTA agreements see the official website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/english/index.shtml. [121] In particular, of the 68 countries identified as potential borrowers, 23 were found to be already at a «quite high» risk of debt distress. Yen Nee Lee, ‘IMF cuts its global growth forecasts, citing trade tensions between the US and its trading partners’, CNBC, 8 October 2018. It has pushed all these countries to accelerate FTA talks and try to set up a firewall against the US actions».[89]. 101. Read More. Towards the centralization of foreign policy decision-making, Since coming to power Xi Jinping has asserted himself as a strong leader and has impressed a strong guide both domestically and internationally, inaugurating a new era of proactive foreign policy, mainly symbolized by the launch of significant international initiatives. The same Ministry of Foreign Affairs has been troubled for a long time by its inability to behave coherently due to the presence of a «cacophony of voices», i.e. On previous visits by North Korean leaders, including those of Kim Jong Un’ father and grandfather, the visits were not announced until after they had left the country and were on their way home. Francesca Congiu, ‘China 2018: Bringing the Party back into State Institutions’. The 18th SCO summit, held between 9-10 June in East China’s coastal city of Qingdao, was the first following the crucial membership expansion to include India and Pakistan in June 2017; these were grounds enough to consider it a historical summit. [17], Beyond this rhetoric, Xi’s speech was focused on four main themes – improvement in the market environment; market access for foreign firms; investment opportunities for foreigners, and the creation of a strengthened intellectual property protection regime in China for the benefit of foreigners and the domestic economy. Symbolically the most important visit was the first, in terms of both its timing and unexpectedness. 97. Expenditures remain on a steady upward trajectory and show an increasing strategic focus on China’s contributions to multilateral institutions and security-related activities such as peacekeeping and conflict-resolution diplomacy. The growing focus on debt and international standards. As a result, China's foreign policy has become more active and dynamic. Interestingly, they each presented new features as compared to previous editions. Xi Jinping has a global vision for China and has centralized foreign policy around himself and the CCP. While slowly diversifying its basket of economic and diplomatic relationships, Bhutan continues to remain a steadfast Indian ally. Will the Biden administration finally end the U.S. presence in Afghanistan? [44] That was a worthy accolade for all of China’s previous efforts, and one that allowed Beijing to save its face, finally. All three events demonstrated China’s growing assertiveness and confirmed its central role on the international scene, with special reference to Asia and Africa. China and North Korea don’t see each other with any kind of mutual sympathy. [123] The eight-countries list also included a European country – Montenegro – that saw a sharp increase in its debt after accepting a Chinese loan in order to construct a highway linking the port of Bar to Serbia. In particular, the second part of the year under review was mainly characterized by the open hostility of the Trump administration towards China, as clearly shown by the trade war and the deep-rooted distrust between the two countries in many chapters of their foreign policy agenda, with special reference to the Korean peninsula. Remarks by Vice President Pence on the Administration’s Policy Toward China. Pakistan was considered by far the largest country at high risk, with Beijing reportedly financing about 80 percent of its estimated US$ 62 billion additional debt. ‘Xi and Kim’s Marriage of Convenience’, Foreign Policy, 22 June 2018. The increased focus on developing a more effective, forward-leaning foreign policy is supported by further strong increases in the foreign affairs budget and efforts to strengthen the diplomatic corps (see part 4 and part 5 of this series). Lina Benabdallah, ‘China-Africa military ties have deepened. The state of relations and the different level of cooperation between the two parties were clearly shown in a promotional video produced by China Global Network Television (CGNT) from China Media Group and aired at the start of the opening ceremony. 69. p. 84. 20. ‘Xi Jinping, Kim Jong-un hold talks in Dalian’, The Global Times, 8 May 2018. ‘Statement from the Press Secretary Regarding the President’s Working Dinner with China’, 1 December 2018. As already analysed in the previous issue of Asia Maior,[118] China’s financing and building infrastructures in developing countries, labelled «debt-trap diplomacy», and the inadequacy of Chinese projects which did not respect international standards, were the subject of severe criticism. Several so-called leading small groups were established to strengthen Xi personally, and the CCP more broadly, to take charge of foreign policymaking at the expense of the Foreign Ministry. Rick Noak, ‘All of Africa is now competing for Chinese money. This became clear at the high-level Central Conference on Work relating to Foreign Affairs on June 22 and 23, 2018. The «great power diplomacy with Chinese characteristics» at work, As already seen in Francesca Congiu’s essay in this same issue of Asia Maior, during the first session of the 13th NPC, «Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era» (习近平新时代中国 特色社会主义思想) was introduced into the PRC’s constitution. [114] Interestingly, Lisbon not only signed, despite pressure against doing so from both the European Union and the US State Department, but the communiqué stated that both parties agreed to jointly encourage the strengthening of the EU-China Strategic Partnership, and work towards developing «synergies» between the BRI and EU connectivity and investment strategies.[115]. 95. 19. The United States works to achieve concrete progress on U.S. interests, including ensuring Chinese support for […] approval of $330 million military sale to Taiwan draws China’s ire’, Reuters, 24 September 2018. At the same time, according to Andrei Lankov, one of the world’s leading Korea experts, and director of the Korea Risk Group, visiting China for the third time in such a short period, Kim might be seeking to take advantage of the trade conflict between China and the US, and trying to deepen their rivalry to ensure they could not join forces against him, as happened with UN sanctions over North Korea’s weapons programme. By Teng Jing Xuan. At the same time, however, China appeared occupied in the exercise of its diplomacy of great power with Chinese characteristics, both at home – hosting three major global events – and internationally – playing a central role in the peace process that took place on the Korean peninsula. That said, its general office, which was located inside the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was reportedly often bypassed by other government agencies because it was seen as low-ranking and ineffective, and the group appeared to be incapable of coordinating China’s foreign policy. Understanding the origins and forces shaping China's foreign policy provides a framework in which to view both the changes and the continuities in Chinese foreign policy from 1949 to the late 1980s. 6.1. All the commissions were put under the chair of Xi Jinping, while the other members of the Politburo Standing Committee served as his deputy. Foreign Policy Issued on ... of record of the home state of our Ambassador to China, and a pivotal state in 2018 … Dipanjan Roy Chaudury, ‘India not to join US-led counter to China’s BRI’, The Economic Times, 7 August 2018. But the «real» war started at the beginning of July and was aimed in the eyes of the American president at resolving some long-standing issues that went far beyond trade imbalances with the PRC. The present article focuses on China’s foreign policy which, in the year under review, was marked by a process of centralization, and culminating with the strengthening of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Chinese president himself on the decision-making system. And he launched the Belt and Road Initiative with great fanfare. 59-92, esp. At the beginning of October, the IMF released a report which projected a down-turn in the global economy growth, a result of Trump’s trade policies. In the framework of the Initiative, China has defined three potential priorities areas for economic cooperation, i.e. 35. [93], In other words, while for Beijing the meeting was about pacifying its neighbourhood so that it could concentrate on challenges coming from the US, for Tokyo it was an important occasion to recalibrate Sino-Japanese relations, focusing on deepening economic exchanges while putting aside political problems. P.IVA 97439200581, Utilizziamo i cookie, anche di terze parti, per consentire la fruizione ottimale del sito. Enjoying this article? ‘Worried Nato partners wonder if Atlantic alliance can survive Trump’, The Guardian, 8 July 2018. 114. [117], 7.1. The White House, Statement from the Press Secretary Regarding the President’s Working Dinner with China, 1 December 2018 https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/statement-press-secretary-regarding-presidents-working-dinner-china. After assuming the leadership of the Party in 2012 and of the state in 2013, Xi left no doubt that he saw the shifting global environment and the relative decline of U.S. power as a strategic window for China to increase its global influence. Saibal Dasgupta, ‘India only SCO member to oppose China’s BRI’, The Times of India, 10 June 2018. About On 14 February, Minister for Foreign Affairs Margot Wallström presented the 2018 Statement of Foreign Policy in the Riksdag. ‘New Foreign Affairs Commission Sets Tone for China’s Diplomacy’, Caixin, 16 May 2018. Share on Twitter. The new agricultural reforms are a necessity for Indian farmers; the Modi government, however, must do more to ally their fears. 7. The Congress was of major significance also because Xi Jinping’s power over the party state grew yet further, resulting in a power concentration referred to as “the coronation” of Xi. Lili Kuo, ‘Kim Jong-un meets Xi Jinping for third time’, The Guardian, 19 June 2018. This was reflected in changes to the foreign policy leadership team at the CCP’s National Congress in November 2017 and the National People’s Congress session in March 2018. 36. Charlotte Gao, ‘Amid US-China Tensions, Xi and Abe to Meet in Beijing’, The Diplomat, 24 October 2018; 92. Lili Kuo, ‘Xi Jinping: president warns other nations not to «dictate» to Chi- na’, The Guardian, 18 December 2018. [81], That said, at exactly the same moment the two leaders were dining together in Buenos Aires and agreeing to a «90-day trade truce», Meng Wanzhou, top executive and daughter of the founder of the Chinese tech giant Huawei, was arrested in Canada, at the request of the United States, for alleged violations of US sanctions to Iran. ‘Amid Tensions with America, China is turning to Europe’, The Economist, 19 July 2018. North Korea’s best friend had snubbed it for its most bitter rival.[41]. 66. Laos was no better, considering its several BRI-linked projects which included a US$ 6.7 billion China-Laos railway that represented nearly half the country’s GDP, leading the IMF to warn that it might threaten the country’s ability to service its debts. There are zero warm feelings between the two countries». Bartosz Kowalski, ‘What’s Next for the China-CEE 16+1 Platform?’, The Diplomat, 13 July 2018. The Chinese state press agency Xinhua reported that the two leaders «agreed to safeguard, consolidate and develop China-DPRK relations, and jointly push forward the sound momentum of peace and stability of the Korean Peninsula to make a positive contribution to safeguarding world and regional peace, stability, prosperity, and development», with almost no mention of denuclearization. Exploring China's new Central Foreign Affairs Commission. The region will remain on the Chinese radar for the foreseeable future. The Boao Forum for Asia annual conference. Stephen R. Nagy, ‘Can Japan-China relations return to «normal»?’, The Japan Times, 23 October 2018. [46] At the same time Xi expressed China’s willingness «to continue to work with all relevant parties and play an active role in comprehensively advancing the process of peaceful resolution of the peninsula issue through dialogue, and realizing long-term peace and stability in the region». [72] Meanwhile, the US president and Vice President Mike Pence accused Beijing of meddling in the upcoming American mid-term elections. 27. 54. The UAE has officially approved a Sinopharm vaccine, while there are promising unofficial results from Sinovac’s Indonesia trial. The charges include bank fraud, obstruction of justice, and theft of technology. These were due to both the disruptive effects of the BRI on the continent, and the Chinese strategy towards the Central and South European countries, carried out with the so-called 16+1 Group (or CEEC+1 Forum, 中国与中东欧 国家合作). So far it has signed 17 FTAs with 25 countries and regions and is in talks over 12 new or upgraded FTA deals. US slaps «America First» tariffs on washing machines and solar panels’, BBC news, 23 January 2018. 45. European Union External Action, ‘Joint Statement of the 20th China-EU Summit’, 17 July 2018. Jan Weidenfeld, ‘China’s Europe Policy Poses a Challenge to EU Cohesion’, The Diplomat, 16 August 2018. 78. Little wonder that some observers interpreted his opening speech at the 19th Chinese Communist Party (CCP)’s Congress as confirmation of the end of the era of low profile, and the beginning of a new one characterized by greater self-confidence, increasing objectives and an unequivocal desire to occupy a global leadership position together with the United States and other major powers. Foreign Policy News From trade to conflict, diplomacy to humanitarianism, China-US Focus traces the lines that connect the world’s nations. [65] Despite its brevity – it ended with a «90-day truce» signed in Buenos Aires by the two countries’ presidents on the sidelines of the G20[66] – it risked damaging the global economy. K. Olsen, ‘Japan’s Abe will meet China’s Xi – under the shadow of Trump’, CNBC, 23 October 2018. In 2014, Xi’s first visit to the Korean Peninsula as the PRC’s president had been to Seoul, not Pyongyang. 38. Among those countries was Sri Lanka, which in December 2017 transferred the control of Hambantota port, built using Chinese loans, to China Merchants Port Holdings, a state-owned port operator. China will release a complete list administrative charges at ports by the end of October. What should we expect from Beijing this lunar year? Cheang Ming, ‘China’s mammoth Belt and Road Initiative could increase debt risk for 8 countries’, CNBC, 5 March 2018. The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States of America, December 2017 (https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Fi- nal-12-18-2017-0905-2.pdf), p. 12. [38] The events that occurred on the Korean peninsula confirmed the centrality of China, and Beijing’s intention to assert its role, contradicting what Chinese officials had often reiterated in the last few years, namely that Beijing had very limited influence on the entire situation and that the US, not China, held the key to solving the North Korean nuclear issue. [85], 6. There is a risk of a ‘new Cold War’ between the United States and China. [49] Not surprisingly Xi Jinping emphasized more the geostrategic importance of the renewed bilateral ties than the Peninsula’s denuclearization. Just $5 a month. 23. Related to Trump’s aggressive stance on trade was the Japanese prime minister’s more convincing rapprochement to China, after the timid gestures in 2017. 77. [75], Xi Jinping and Donald Trump’s encounter in Buenos Aires, on the sidelines of the G20 Summit, was the first face-to-face meeting between the two leaders in nearly one year, and the first since Trump began the trade war. Francesca Congiu & Christian Rossi, ‘China 2017: Searching for internal and international consent’, pp. 50. According to Chinese foreign minister Wang Yi, Xi’s attendance at the BFA annual conference at that historic moment – 2018 marked the 40th anniversary of «reform and opening-up» and the beginning of the implementation of the decisions taken at the 19th Party Congress – was of great significance in further promoting the «major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics in the new era», building «a community with a shared future» for Asia and humanity, and advancing the cause of peace and development. Kiran Stacey, ‘China signs 99-year lease on Sri Lanka’s Hambantota port’, Financial Times, 11 December 2017. ‘U.S. Ben Blanchard, ‘China says not putting pressure on Taiwan’s last Africa ally’, Reuters, 1 September 2018. 11. The China-US trade war, and more generally Trump’s attacks against the global system, represented an occasion for China to strengthen its relations with Brussels,[97] despite the growing tensions between the two parties. [77] According to Ni Feng, a specialist on Sino-US relations at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, «In the history of China-US relations, it has always been determined by the top leaders.»[78] Zhang Baohui, an international relations expert at Lingnan University in Hong Kong also agreed, arguing that a successful meeting would at least «slow down the momentum of a new Cold War», while a bad one would «make that irreversible.»[79] In this sense, the meeting was considered as «a testament to how much trade and the personal chemistry between Mr. Trump and Mr. Xi have come to dominate the relations between the United States and China. 80. [90] It concluded with Abe Shinzo’s visit to China at the end of October, the first formal bilateral visit by a Japanese leader to the country in nearly seven years. 34-42. The Chinese government appears to put more emphasis on diplomatic support for China’s longer-term goals. Thomas Eder is a research associate at the Mercator Institute for China Studies (MERICS) in Berlin, Germany. Xuan Loc Doan, ‘China’s contradictions over the Korean Peninsula Issue’, Asia Times, 16 May 2018. Another important effect was the joint strengthening of relations between China and the EU, despite some frictions related to the BRI. 41. 3. 21 October 2018. The events that best showcased China’s new diplomatic concept and China’s opening-up drive were the three key global events the country hosted during the year under review, namely the Boao Forum for Asia, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation. Emily Rauhala, ‘North Korea leader meets with Chinese president’s during «unofficial visit» to Beijing’, The Washington Post, 27 March 2018. 103. Beijing has left several seasoned ambassadors at high priority embassies such as Moscow or London in their posts for up to nine years. 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